The Finnish Model of Special Education: a mixture of integration and segregation     

Joel Kivirauma 《Scandinavian Journal of Educational Research》2013,57(3):193-200

Abstract

This article examines the development of special education in the Finnish compulsory education system in the 1980s. The main emphasis is on evaluating the extent to which the aim of integrating special education has been achieved. Special education is also evaluated in relation to school level and gender. The main result of this examination is that the aim of integrating special education has only partially been achieved. Integration has been achieved in the sense that part‐time special education is the major form of education. Nevertheless, the amount of pupils involved in traditional types of special education has also continued to increase substantially in the 1980s. Two out of three pupils in special education are still boys, but the proportion of girls has clearly grown in SMA teaching.  相似文献   

Classroom management and teachers’ coping strategies: Inside classrooms in Australia, China and Israel     

Shlomo Romi  Ramon Lewis  Joel Roache 《Prospects》2013,43(2):215-231

This paper discusses the degree to which recently reported relationships between the classroom management techniques and coping styles of Australian teachers apply in two other national settings: China and Israel. Little is known about which teacher characteristics relate to their approach to classroom management, although researchers in Australia have recently found that teachers’ coping styles appear to predict the management techniques they utilize in classrooms. In this study, 772 teachers from a range of schools in Australia, China, and Israel completed questionnaires asking how frequently they use six classroom management techniques—hinting, discussion, involvement, recognition and reward, punishment, and aggression—and how often they use a range of coping behaviours. The analysis showed that some of the Australian findings were replicated only in Israel and others only in China, revealing national variations in the links between management techniques and coping styles, which have wider implications for investigations in this area. The implications of these findings are discussed, as are their potential ramifications for future research.  相似文献   

A psychological pattern of anxiety in public speaking     

Larry W. Carlile  Ralph R. Behnke  James T. Kitchens 《Communication quarterly》2013,61(4):44-46

In previous research, a physiological pattern of speech anxiety has been established for the periods before, during, and after delivering a public speech. However, no corresponding psychological pattern has been reported. Although strong correlations between psychological and physiological measures have not been found, it seemed reasonable to expect public speakers to exhibit a psychological pattern of speech anxiety similar to the physiological pattern. The results of this study support that hypothesis. The observed pattern is a monotonic function decreasing from the beginning of the speech through the post speech period.  相似文献   

Career Academies: Effective Structures to Promote College and Career Readiness     

Donald G. Hackmann  Joel R. Malin  Donna Gilley 《Clearing house (Menasha, Wis.)》2013,86(4-5):180-185

Career academies promote smaller learning communities within high schools, creating personalized learning environments while promoting students’ readiness for college and careers. After describing the career academy structure, we present four research-based aspects that can assist school leaders and teachers in developing and implementing academies. We include practical examples from the Metro Nashville Public Schools, noting how educators have collaborated with civic agencies, businesses, and postsecondary partners to increase the graduation rate and improve student learning outcomes. Career academies can be effective in preparing students for college and careers, while also providing economic benefits to the community.  相似文献   

核心稳定性在人体运动中的作用   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

周瑾 《北京体育大学学报》2008,31(12)

在体育运动中,核心的主要作用是稳定身体、是肌肉发力的基础,这一点日益得到公认。从跑步到投掷等各项体育运动中,稳定的核心是有效发挥人体生物力学功能的关键因素,从而使肌肉发力最大化并最大限度减小关节负荷。我们将核心肌群的功能理解为中枢神经系统预设的程序,这个程序整合局部的、单关节和多个关节上的肌群活动,在保持整体稳定的同时完成体育动作。近端的稳定性是远端灵活性的基础,在这个基础上可以建立从近端向远端的发力模式,并且可以通过肌群的协同作用力在完成远端动作的同时保护远端关节。评估动态核心能力是一项重要任务,其中包括对躯干特定功能和三维运动能力的评估。运动康复训练计划应该包括核心能力的重建,并且应该将核心视为远端肢体运动的基础。  相似文献   

Close to you? Bias and precision in patent-based measures of technological proximity     

Mary Benner  Joel Waldfogel 《Research Policy》2008,37(9):1556-1567

Patent data have been widely used in research to characterize firms’ locations in technological or knowledge space, as well as the proximities among firms. Researchers have measured firms’ technological or knowledge proximities with a variety of measures based on patent data, including Euclidean distances (using the technological classifications listed on patents), and overlap in cited patents. Often research has employed only the first listed patent classification in measures of proximities. We explore the effects of using the first listed patent class as well as other methods to measure proximities. We point out that measures of proximity based on small numbers of patents are imprecisely measured random variables. Measures computed on samples with few patents or a single patent class generate both biased and imprecise measures of proximity. We discuss the implications of this for typical research questions employing measures of proximity, and explore the effects of larger sample sizes and coarser patent class breakdowns in mitigating these problems. Where possible, we suggest that researchers increase their sample sizes by aggregating years or using all of the listed patent classes on a patent, rather than just the first.  相似文献   

How Experiments Begin: The Formation of Scientific Collaborations     

Joel Genuth  Ivan Chompalov  Wesley Shrum 《Minerva》2000,38(3):311-348

Multi-organizational collaborations are increasingly important incontemporary science, but their formative processes have beenneglected by scholars in the social studies of science. Based onan examination of 53 collaborations in physics and relateddisciplines, we have found five types of formations.Collaborations that encountered greater difficulties in formingbecame more formal in their organization and management.  相似文献   

Longer-term effects of minimalist shoes on running performance,strength and bone density: A 20-week follow-up study*     

Joel T. Fuller  Dominic Thewlis  Margarita D. Tsiros  Nicholas A. T. Brown  Joseph Hamill  Jonathan D. Buckley 《European Journal of Sport Science》2019,19(3):402-412

This study investigated whether male runners improve running performance, running economy, ankle plantar flexor strength, and alter running biomechanics and lower limb bone mineral density when gradually transitioning to using minimalist shoes for 100% of weekly running. The study was a planned follow-up of runners (n?=?50) who transitioned to minimalist or conventional shoes for 35% of weekly structured training in a previous 6-week randomised controlled trial. In that trial, running performance and economy improved more with minimalist shoes than conventional shoes. Runners in each group were instructed to continue running in their allocated shoe during their own preferred training programme for a further 20 weeks while increasing allocated shoe use to 100% of weekly training. At the 20-week follow-up, minimalist shoes did not affect performance (effect size: 0.19; p?=?0.218), running economy (effect size: ≤?0.24; p?≥?0.388), stride rate or length (effect size: ≤?0.12; p?≥?0.550), foot strike (effect size: ≤?0.25; p?≥?0.366), or bone mineral density (effect size: ≤?0.40; p?≥?0.319). Minimalist shoes increased plantar flexor strength more than conventional shoes when runners trained with greater mean weekly training distances (shoe*distance interaction: p?=?0.036). After greater improvements with minimalist shoes during the initial six weeks of a structured training programme, increasing minimalist shoe use from 35% to 100% over 20 weeks, when runners use their own preferred training programme, did not further improve performance, running economy or alter running biomechanics and lower limb bone mineral density. Minimalist shoes improved plantar flexor strength more than conventional shoes in runners with greater weekly training distances.  相似文献   

Oral English: Reasons behind the grades     

Joel Kaye 《English in Education》1985,19(3):47-51

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The evolution of the operational earthquake forecasting community of practice: the L’Aquila communication crisis as a triggering event for organizational renewal     

Deanna D. Sellnow  Joel Iverson  Timothy L. Sellnow 《Journal of Applied Communication Research》2017,45(2):121-139

The scientific community of earthquake experts has long grappled with how to communicate earthquake probabilities successfully to non-scientific publics. Perhaps most central to their concern is the widely held belief that scientists can actually predict earthquakes when, in fact, they cannot. The potential consequences of this miscommunication problem were appallingly realized as a result of the 6 April 2009 earthquake in L’Aquila, Italy. Failed risk communication among scientists, a public official, and L’Aquila residents prior to the earthquake resulted in 309 deaths, 1500 injuries, and 65,000 people displaced from their homes, as well as the sentencing of six scientists and one public official to six years in prison for manslaughter. This paper examines how and why the L’Aquila Earthquake communication crisis ultimately redefined the international scientific earthquake community of practice and its discourse beyond that of community resilience to organizational learning and renewal.  相似文献